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In 1939, the Croats received a high degree of autonomy when the was created, which united almost all ethnic Croatian territories within the Kingdom. When I talk about great online dating sites, I mean sites that have a lot of members, a clean interface, and a decent male to female ratio to make it worth your time to sign up.\
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Croatian Y chromosomal lineages testify to different migrational movements carrying mostly Palaeolithic European ancestry, a minor impact from theas well as a Slavic influence from northeastern Europe. British settlers and Australian history and politics from the 20th century onwards, including WWI. Like Please help … I am very confused … Over the past three months I have translated my birth, police certificates and have an appointment next week. I received mine in El 2015. Croatia completed EU accession negotiations in 2011 and joined the European Union on 1 July 2013. Beautiful Croatian women take great care in their appearance. Croatian production of energy sources covers 85% of nationwide natural gas demand and 19% of oil demand.

Retrieved 10 October 2011. I think you should apply for citizenship with what you have of your mother and then see if grandparents birth certificates are needed or record of birth…perhaps someone else here will chip in with response but your local Cronsulate or consular service within embassy should be the place for you to lodge application while living abroad Like There should certainly be civil birth records from 1915 for your grandparents. Retrieved 11 October 2011.\
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Croats mainly live in and , but are an officially recognized minority in , the , , , , , , , , and. Responding to political, social and economic pressure, many Croats have migrated throughout Europe especially , Austria, , and Italy and the Americas particularly the , , , and , establishing a. The is official in and , as well as in the , and is a recognised minority language within Croatian autochthonous communities and minorities in Montenegro, Austria , Italy , Romania , and Serbia. Archaeological evidence shows population continuity in coastal and. In contrast, much of the hinterland appears to have been depopulated, as virtually all hilltop settlements, from to , were abandoned only few appear destroyed in the early 7th century. Although the dating of the earliest Slavic settlements is still disputed, there is a hiatus of almost a century. The origin, timing and nature of the Slavic migrations remain controversial, however, all available evidence points to the nearby and regions. Traditionally, scholarship has placed the arrival of the Croats in the 7th century, primarily on the basis of the later Byzantine document De Administrando Imperio. As such, the arrival of the Croats was seen as a second wave of Slavic migrations, which liberated Dalmatia from. However, as early as the 1970s, scholars questioned the reliability of ' work, written as it was in the 10th century. Rather than being an accurate historical account, more accurately reflects the political situation during the 10th century. It mainly served as Byzantine propaganda praising Emperor for repopulating the previously devastated by the with Croats and , who were seen by the Byzantines as tributary peoples living on what had always been 'Roman land'. Scholars have hypothesized the name Croat Hrvat may be , thus suggesting that the Croatians were possibly a tribe from the region who were part of a larger movement at the same time that the Slavs were moving toward the. The major basis for this connection was the perceived similarity between Hrvat and from the dated to the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE, mentioning the name Khoro u athos. Similar arguments have been made for an alleged -Croat link. Whilst there is indeed possible evidence of population continuity between Gothic and Croatian times in parts of Dalmatia, the idea of a Gothic origin of Croats was more rooted in 20th century political aspirations than historical reality. They appear to have been based around and , down to the and south of. Other polities in Dalmatia and Pannonia Other, distinct polities also existed near the Croat duchy. However, soon, the Croats became the dominant local power in northern Dalmatia, absorbing Liburnia and expanding their name by conquest and prestige. With such expansion, Croatia soon became dominant power and absorb other polities between Frankish, and Byzantine empire. Early medieval age Main articles: and The lands which constitute modern Croatia fell under 3 major geographic-politic zones during the Middle Ages, which were influenced by powerful neighbour Empires — notably the Byzantines, the Avars and later , and. Each vied for control of the Northwest Balkan regions. Nevertheless, two independent Slavic dukedoms emerged sometime during the 9th century: the and. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. November 2015 Having been under Avar control, lower Pannonia became a march of the around 800. Aided by in 796, the first named Slavic Duke of Pannonia, the Franks wrested control of the region from the Avars before totally destroying the Avar realm in 803. After the death of in 814, Frankish influence decreased on the region, allowing Prince to raise a rebellion in 819. The sent armies in 820, 821 and 822, but each time they failed to crush the rebels. Aided by Borna the Guduscan, the Franks eventually defeated Ljudevit, who withdrew his forces to the Serbs and conquered them, according to the Frankish Annals. However, Frankish control was far from smooth. The mention several Bulgar raids, driving up the Sava and Drava rivers, as a result of a border dispute with the Franks, from 827. By a peace treaty in 845, the Franks were confirmed as rulers over , whilst remained under Bulgarian clientage. Later, the expanding power of also threatened Frankish control of the region. In an effort to halt their influence, the Franks sought alliance with the Magyars, and elevated the local Slavic leader in 892, as a more independent Duke over lower Pannonia. He probably died c. The subsequent history of Savia again becomes mirky, and historians are not sure who controlled Savia during much of the 10th century. However, it is likely that the ruler , the first crowned King, was able to exert much control over Savia and adjacent areas during his reign. Dalmatian Croats In the meantime, the were recorded to have been subject to the Kingdom of under , since 828. The Croatian Prince 835—845 built up a formidable navy, and in 839 signed a peace treaty with ,. The Venetians soon proceeded to battle with the independent Slavic pirates of the region, but failed to defeat them. The Bulgarian king called by the Archont of Bulgaria after he made Christianity the official religion of Bulgaria also waged a lengthy war against the Dalmatian Croats, trying to expand his state to the. In 854, there was a great battle between Trpimir's forces and the Bulgars. Neither side emerged victorious, and the outcome was the exchange of gifts and the establishment of peace. Trpimir I managed to consolidate power over Dalmatia and much of the inland regions towards , while instituting counties as a way of controlling his subordinates an idea he picked up from the Franks. The first known written mention of the Croats, dates form 4 March 852, in by Trpimir. Trpimir is remembered as the initiator of the , that ruled in Croatia, with interruptions, from 845 until 1091. After his death, an uprising was raised by a powerful nobleman from — , and his son was exiled with his brothers, Petar and to. Facing a number of naval threats by and Byzantine Empire, the Croatian Prince Domagoj 864—876 built up the Croatian navy again and helped the coalition of emperor and the Byzantine to conquer in 871. During Domagoj's reign was a common practice, and he forced the Venetians to start paying tribute for sailing near the eastern Adriatic coast. Domagoj's son, of unknown name, ruled shortly between 876 and 878 with his brothers. They continued the rebellion, attacked the western Istrian towns in 876, but were subsequently defeated by the Venetian navy. Their ground forces defeated the Pannonian duke 861—874 who was suzerain to the Franks, and thereby shed the Frankish vassal status. Wars of Domagoj and his son liberated Dalmatian Croats from supreme Franks rule. Zdeslav deposed him in 878 with the help of the Byzantines. He acknowledged the supreme rule of. In 879, the ask for help from prince Zdeslav for an armed escort for his delegates across southern Dalmatia and , but on early May 879, Zdeslav was killed near Knin in an uprising led by , a relative of Domagoj, instigated by the fearing Byzantine power. Duke Branimir wrote to affirming this split from Byzantine and commitment to the. During the solemn divine service in church in in 879, Pope gave his blessing to the duke and the whole Croatian people, about which he informed Branimir in his letters, in which Branimir was recognized as the Duke of the Croats Dux Chroatorum. During his reign, Croatia retained its sovereignty from both imperial and rule, and became a fully recognized state. After Branimir's death, Prince 892—910 , Zdeslav's brother, took control of Dalmatia and ruled it independently of both Rome and Byzantium as divino munere Croatorum dux with God's help, duke of Croats. In Dalmatia, duke 910—928 succeeded Muncimir. Tomislav successfully repelled Magyar mounted invasions of the , expelled them over the , and united western Pannonian and Dalmatian Croats into one state. The chief piece of evidence that Tomislav was crowned king comes in the form of a letter dated 925, surviving only in 16th-century copies, from calling Tomislav. According to , Tomislav's army and navy could have consisted approximately 100,000 units, 60,000 cavaliers, and 80 larger sagina and 100 smaller , but generally isn't taken as credible. Croatian Kingdom as an ally of Byzantine Empire was in conflict with the rising ruled by Tsar. In 923, due to a deal of Pope John X and a Patriarch of Constantinopole, the sovereignty of Byzantine in Dalmatia came under Tomislav's Governancy. The war escalated on 27 May 927, in the , after Serbs were conquered and some fled to the Croatian Kingdom. There Croats under leadership of their king Tomislav completely defeated Bulgarian army led by military commander , and stopped Simeon's extension westwards. Tomislav was succeeded by 928—935 , and 935—945 , this period, on the whole, however, is obscure. His three sons, 997—1000 , 1000—1030 and 1000—1020 , opened a violent contest for the throne, weakening the state and further losing control. Krešimir III and his brother Gojslav co-ruled from 1000 until 1020, and attemppted to restore control over lost Dalmatian cities now under Venetian control. Krešimir was succeeded by his son 1030—1058 , who tried to reinforce the alliance with Byzantine when 1032 sent a segment of naval fleet in war against , in favour for tolerance about conquering from , another Byzantine ally. He did conquer it, but the circumstances changed later and lost it. Croatia under Krešimir IV was composed of twelve counties and was slightly larger than in Tomislav's time, and included the closest southern Dalmatian duchy of Pagania. From the outset, he continued the policies of his father, but was immediately commanded by first in 1059 and then in 1060 to reform the Croatian church in accordance with the. This was especially significant to the papacy in the aftermath of the. He was succeeded by , who was of the Svetoslavić branch of the , and a of Slavonia 1064—1075. He was on 8 October 1076 at in the known today as Hollow Church by a representative of. Unlike Petar Krešimir IV, he was also an ally of the , with whom he joined in wars against Byzantium. He married in 1063 , the daughter of King of the Hungarian , and the sister of the future King. As King Zvonimir died in 1089 in unknown circumstances, with no direct heir to succeed him, r. In 1093, southern nobles elected a new ruler, King r. His army resisted repelling Hungarian assaults, and restored Croatian rule up to the river. He reassembled his forces in Croatia and advanced on , where he met the main Hungarian army led by King. In 1102, Coloman returned to the Kingdom of Croatia in force, and negotiated with the Croatian feudal lords resulting in joining of Hungarian and Croatian crowns with the crown of Dalmatia held separate from that of Croatia. Although the validity of the document itself is disputed, Croatia did keep considerable autonomy. In the union with Hungary, institutions of separate Croatian statehood were maintained through the an assembly of Croatian nobles and the ban viceroy. In addition, the Croatian nobles retained their lands and titles. Coloman retained the institution of the Sabor and relieved the Croatians of taxes on their land. Coloman's successors continued to crown themselves as Kings of Croatia separately in. The Hungarian king also introduced a variant of the. Large were granted to individuals who would defend them against outside incursions thereby creating a system for the defence of the entire state. However, by enabling the nobility to seize more economic and military power, the kingdom itself lost influence to the powerful noble families. In Croatia the were one of the oldest Croatian noble families and would become particularly influential and important, ruling area between and rivers. The local noble family from island latter took surname is often considered the second most important medieval family, as ruled over northern Adriatic and are responsible for adoption of one of oldest European , 1288. Both families gave many native bans of Croatia. Other powerful families were from 14th—15th centuries ; who ruled over and were famous for piracy and wars against Venice 12th—13th centuries ; Kurjaković family, a branch of old Croatian noble family Gusić from 14th—16th centuries ; who ruled from western to eastern and rivers, and were bans of Slavonia 13th—14th centuries ; family who ruled over Slavonian stronghold-cities, and in 15th century rose to power. During this period, the and the also acquired considerable property and assets in Croatia. After his death in 1312, his son was the Ban of Bosnia 1304—1322 and Ban of Croatia 1312—1322. The kings from House of Anjou intended to strengthen the kingdom by uniting the power and control in their hands, but to do so had to diminish the power of the higher nobility. Already Charles I tried to crash the aristocratic particularism, intention finished by his son 1342—1382 , relying on lower nobility and towns. Both ruled without the parliament, and inner nobility struggles only helped them in their intentions. This led to Mladen's defeat at the in 1322 by a coalition of several Croatian noblemen and Dalmatian coastal towns with support of King himself, exchange of Šubić's castle of for in Central Croatia thus this branch was named in 1347. Eventually, Babonić and Nelipić families also succumbed to king's offensive against nobility, but with the centralization of power, Louis managed to force Venice by the in 1358 to give up their possessions in Dalmatia. When king Louis died, without successor the question of succession remained open. The kingdom once again entered the time of internal unrest. Besides King Louis's daughter , as the closest king male relative pretended to the throne. In February 1386, two months after his coronation, was assassinated by order of queen. His supporters, bans , and Stjepan Lacković planned a rebellion against them, and managed to capture and imprison Elizabeth and Mary. By orders of John of Palisna, Elizabeth was strangled. As the answer for that, Magyars crowned Mary's husband. The dynastic struggle didn't finish, and with the Ottoman invasion on Bosnia started the first short raids in Croatian territory, defended only by local nobles. Croatian military troops fought in many battles under command of priest , the Hungarian , and Hungarian King , like in the Hunyadi's 1443—1444 , 1444 , second , and contributed to the Christian victories over the in the and 1463. At the time they suffered a major defeat in the , Croatia in 1493 and gradually lost increasing amounts of territory to the Ottoman Empire. Among them there were who won a victory at on the river in 1513, the captain of and prince of , who defended the for almost 25 years, captain who deterred by a magnitude larger Turkish force on their way to Vienna in 1532, or ban who helped save from occupation in 1542 and fought in the in 1566. During the Ottoman conquest tens of thousands of Croats were taken in Turkey, where they became slaves. The from 1 January 1527, when Croatian Sabor elected the. The 1526 and the death of King ended Hungarian rule over Croatia. In 1526 the Hungarian parliament elected two separate kings and , but the choice of the Croatian sabor prevailed on the side of Ferdinand I, as they elected him as the new king of Croatia on 1 January 1527, uniting both lands under Habsburg rule. In return they were promised the historic rights, freedoms, laws and defence of Croatian Kingdom. For the sake of stopping the Ottoman conquering and possible assault on the capital of Vienna, the large areas of Croatia and Slavonia even Hungary and Romania bordering the Ottoman Empire were organized as a which was ruled directly from Vienna military headquarters. The invasion caused migration of Croats, and the area which became deserted was subsequently settled by , , and others. The negative effects of escalated in 1573 when the peasants in northern Croatia and Slovenia against their feudal lords due to various injustices. After the fall of fort in 1592, only small areas of Croatia remained unrecovered. The remaining 16,800 square kilometres 6,487 sq mi were referred to as the reliquiae reliquiarum of the once great Croatian kingdom. Croats stopped the Ottoman advance in Croatia at the in 1593, 100 years after the defeat at Krbava field, and the short ended with the in 1606, after which Croatian classes tried unsuccessfully to have their territory on the Military Frontier restored to rule by the Croatian Ban, managing only to restore a small area of lost territory but failed to regain large parts of Croatian Kingdom present-day western , as the present-day border between the two countries is a remnant of this outcome. Croatian Ban, , also fought in the war, but died in a military camp near , , as he was poisoned by von Wallenstein after a verbal duel. His son, future ban and captain-general of Croatia, , participated during the closing stages of the war. Peter Zrinyi and Ferenc Frangepán in the Wiener-Neustadt Prison by. In 1664, the Austrian imperial army was victorious against the Turks, but Emperor failed to capitalize on the success when he signed the in which Croatia and Hungary were prevented from regaining territory lost to the Ottoman Empire. This caused unrest among the Croatian and Hungarian nobility which plotted against the emperor. Nikola Zrinski participated in launching the conspiracy which later became to be known as the , but he soon died, and the rebellion was continued by his brother, Croatian ban , and. Petar Zrinski, along the conspirators, went on a wide secret diplomatic negotiations with a number of nations, including , the , , the and even the , to free Croatia from the Habsburg sovereignty. The large estates of two most powerful Croatian noble houses were confiscated and their families relocated, soon after extinguished. Between 1670 and the revolution of 1848, there would be only 2 bans of Croatian nationality. The period from 1670 to the Croatian cultural revival in the 19th century was Croatia's political dark age. Meanwhile, with the victories over Turks, Habsburgs all the more insistent they spent centralization and germanization, new regained lands in liberated Slavonia started giving to foreign families as feudal goods, at the expense of domestic element. Because of this the Croatian Sabor was losing its significance, and the nobility less attended it, yet went only to the one in Hungary. Subsequently, the empress made significant contributions to Croatian matters, by making several changes in the feudal and tax system, administrative control of the Military Frontier, in 1745 administratively united Slavonia with Croatia and in 1767 organized Croatian royal council with the ban on head, however, she ignored and eventually disbanded it in 1779, and Croatia was relegated to just one seat in the governing council of Hungary, held by the of Croatia. To fight the Austrian centralization and absolutism, Croats passed their rights to the united government in Hungary, thus to together resist the intentions from Vienna. But the connection with Hungary soon adversely affected the position of Croats, because Magyars in the spring of their nationalism tried to Magyarize Croats, and make Croatia a part of a united Hungary. Because of this pretensions, the constant struggles between Croats and Magyars emerged, and lasted until 1918. Croats were fighting in unfavorable conditions, against both Vienna and Budapest, while divided on Banska Hrvatska, Dalmatia and Military Frontier. In such a time, with the fall of the in 1797, its possessions in eastern mostly came under the authority of France which passed its rights to Austria the same year. Eight years later they were restored to France as the , but won back to the Austrian crown 1815. Though now part of the same empire, Dalmatia and Istria were part of while Croatia and Slavonia were in Hungarian part of the Monarchy. In the 19th century Croatian emerged to counteract the non-violent but apparent and. The Croatian national revival began in the 1830s with the. The movement attracted a number of influential figures and produced some important advances in the and culture. The champion of the Illyrian movement was who also reformed and standardized the Croatian literary language. The official language in Croatia had been Latin until 1847, when it became Croatian. The movement relied on a South Slavic and Panslavistic conception, and its national, political and social ideas were advanced at the time. By the royal order of 11 January 1843, originating from the chancellor , the use of the Illyrian name and insignia in public was forbidden. This deterred the movement's progress but it couldn't stop the changes in the society that had already started. In the , the Croatian cooperated with the Austrians in quenching the by leading a military campaign into Hungary, successful until the. Nevertheless, Ban Jelačić had succeeded in the abolition of in Croatia, which eventually brought about massive changes in society: the power of the major landowners was reduced and arable land became increasingly subdivided, to the extent of risking famine. Many Croatians began emigrating to the countries in this period, a trend that would continue over the next century, creating a large Croatian. Modern history 1918—present Main articles: ; ; ; ; and After the and , most Croats were united within the , created by unification of the short-lived with the. Croats became one of the constituent nations of the new kingdom. The state was transformed into the in 1929 and the Croats were united in the new nation with their neighbors — the South Slavs-. In 1939, the Croats received a high degree of autonomy when the was created, which united almost all ethnic Croatian territories within the Kingdom. In the , the created the led by the movement which sought to create an ethnically pure Croatian state on the territory corresponding to present-day countries of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Post-WWII became a consisting of 6 republics, and Croats became one of two constituent peoples of two — Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Croats in the Serbian autonomous province of are one of six main ethnic groups composing this region. In the first years of the war, over 200,000 Croats were displaced from their homes as a result of the military actions. In the peak of the fighting, around 550,000 ethnic Croats were displaced altogether during the Yugoslav wars. The influx was increased by the arrival of Croatian refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina. After the war's end in 1995, most Croatian refugees returned to their previous homes, while some mostly Croat refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Janjevci from Kosovo moved into the formerly-held Serbian housing. The frequency of haplogroup I, especially , in Croatian populations is especially high, indicating that the Adriatic coast is a likely source of the recolonization of Europe following the. Croatian Y chromosomal lineages testify to different migrational movements carrying mostly Palaeolithic European ancestry, a minor impact from the , as well as a Slavic influence from northeastern Europe. This frankly points to heterogeneous ethnogenesis, a high degree of mixing of newly arrived medieval migrant tribes such as with the indigenous populations that were already present in the region of modern-day Croatia such as Latins and Illyrians. Hence, most modern day Croats are partly descended from the original European population of the region who have lived in the territory by other names, such as who were named for the Greco-Roman Province of Illyria. These original Indo-European hunter gatherer inhabitants also served an important role in populating Europe after the last ice age. An example of Old Croatian used in Baška tablet. Problems playing this file? Croats speak , a language of the Western South Slavic subgroup. Standard Croatian is considered a of , and is with the and see which are all based on the. Besides Shtokavian, Croats from the Adriatic coastline speak the dialect, while Croats from the continental northwestern part of Croatia speak the dialect. Vernacular texts in the Chakavian dialect first appeared in the 13th century, and Shtokavian texts appeared a century later. The modern Neo-Shtokavian standard that appeared in the mid 18th century was the first unified Croatian literary language. Croatian is written in. The beginning of the Croatian written language can be traced to the 9th century, when was adopted as the language of the Divine of St. John Chrysostom and the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil. This language was gradually adapted to non-liturgical purposes and became known as the Croatian version of Old Slavonic. The two variants of the language, liturgical and non-liturgical, continued to be a part of the service as late as the middle of the 19th century. Until the end of the 11th century Croatian medieval texts were written in three scripts: , Glagolitic, and Croatian , and also in three languages: Croatian, and Old Slavonic. The latter developed into what is referred to as the Croatian variant of between the 12th and 16th centuries. The most important early monument of Croatian literacy is the from the late 11th century. It is a large stone tablet found in the small on the Croatian island of which contains text written mostly in Chakavian, today a dialect of Croatian, and in Shtokavian script. It mentions , the king of Croatia at the time. However, the luxurious and ornate representative texts of Croatian Church Slavonic belong to the later era, when they coexisted with the Croatian vernacular literature. The literature, based almost exclusively on Chakavian original texts of religious provenance , , appeared almost a century later. The most important purely Shtokavian diaelect vernacular text is the ca. Both the language used in legal texts and that used in Glagolitic literature gradually came under the influence of the vernacular, which considerably affected its , and systems. From the 14th and the 15th centuries, both secular and religious songs at church festivals were composed in the vernacular. Croats are predominantly Roman Catholic, and before Christianity they adhered to. The earliest record of contact between the and the Croats dates from a mid-7th century entry in the. John the Dalmatian, 640—642 sent an abbot named Martin to and in order to pay ransom for some prisoners and for the remains of old Christian martyrs. This abbot is recorded to have travelled through Dalmatia with the help of the Croatian leaders, and he established the foundation for the future relations between the Pope and the Croats. The beginnings of the are also disputed in the historical texts: the Byzantine texts talk of duke Porin who started this at the incentive of emperor 610—641 , then of Duke Porga who mainly Christianized his people after the influence of missionaries from Rome, while the national tradition recalls Christianization during the rule of Dalmatian Duke 810—821. It is possible that these are all renditions of the same ruler's name. The earliest known Croatian autographs from the 8th century are found in the Latin. In 1886 it arrived to the , followed by the Kingdom of Serbia in 1914, and the in 1920, but only for feast days of the main patron saints. The 1935 concordat with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia anticipated the introduction of the Church Slavonic for all Croatian regions and throughout the entire state. This was officially sanctioned in 1248 by , and only later did the Latin alphabet prevail. The prevailed over the rather early due to numerous interventions from the. There were numerous Roman Catholic synods held in Dalmatia in the 11th century, particularly after the of 1054, during the course of which the use of the Latin rite was run roughshod over the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom and the Divine Liturgy of St. The area settled by Croats has a large diversity of historical and cultural influences, as well as diversity of terrain and geography. The coastland areas of Dalmatia and were subject to , and Italian rule; central regions like and western were a scene of battlefield against the Ottoman Empire, and have strong epic traditions. In the northern plains, rule has left its marks. The most distinctive features of Croatian include ensembles of Dalmatia, orchestras of. The epic tradition is also preserved in epic songs sung with. Various types of circular dance are also encountered throughout Croatia. Austrian and Hungarian influence is visible in public spaces and buildings in the north and in the central regions, architecture found along coasts of Dalmatia and Istria exhibits Venetian influence. Large squares named after culture heroes, well-groomed parks, and pedestrian-only zones, are features of these orderly towns and cities, especially where large scale urban planning took place, for instance in and. Subsequent influence of the was reflected in contemporary architecture. Along the coast, the architecture is Mediterranean with a strong Venetian and Renaissance influence in major urban areas exemplified in works of and such as the in. The oldest preserved examples of Croatian architecture are the 9th-century churches, with the largest and the most representative among them being the. Besides the architecture encompassing the oldest artworks in Croatia, there is a long history of artists in Croatia reaching to the Middle Ages. In that period the stone portal of the was made by , representing the most important monument of sculpture in the Balkans. The had the greatest impact on the Adriatic Sea coast since the remainder of Croatia was embroiled in the. With the waning of the Ottoman Empire, art flourished during the and. The 19th and the 20th centuries brought about affirmation of numerous Croatian artisans, helped by several patrons of the arts such as bishop. Croatian artists of the period achieving worldwide renown were and. The , a stone inscribed with the Glagolitic alphabet found on the island which is dated to 1100, is considered to be the oldest surviving prose in Croatian. The beginning of more vigorous development of Croatian literature is marked by the Renaissance and. Besides Marulić, Renaissance playwright , Baroque poet , poet , novelist, playwright and poet , poet and writer , poet , and writer , poet and novelist and short story writer are often cited as the greatest figures in Croatian literature. Examples of the Croatian. The consists of a red-white-blue with the in the middle. The red-white-blue tricolor was chosen as those were the colours of Pan-Slavism, popular in the 19th century. The current design added the five crowning shields, which represent the historical regions from which Croatia originated. The red and white checkerboard has been a symbol of Croatian kings since at least the 10th century, ranging in number from 3×3 to 8×8, but most commonly 5×5, like the current coat. The oldest source confirming the coat-of-arms as an official symbol is a genealogy of the dating during 1512—18. In 1525 it was used on a votive medal. The oldest known example of the šahovnica chessboard in Croatian in Croatia is to be found on the wings of four falcons on a baptismal font donated by king 1058—1074 to the Archbishop of. This is partly due to the geometric design of the shield which makes it appropriate for use in many graphic contexts e. The pleter or troplet is also a commonly used symbol which originally comes from monasteries built between the 9th and 12th century. The interlace can be seen in various emblems and is also featured in modern and Croatian police ranks insignia. Another 553,000 live in , where they are one of the three , predominantly living in Western , central Bosnia and. The minority in number about 70,000, mostly in , where also vast majority of the consider themselves Croats, as well as many the latter, as well as other nationalities, settled the vast, abandoned area after the Ottoman retreat; this Croat subgroup originates from the south, mostly from the region of. Smaller Croat autochthonous minorities exist in mainly in , and in the area in regions — 35,000 Croats , mostly in the — 6,800 Croats , and a regional community in called who nationally identify as Croats. In the 1991 census Croats consisted 19. The entity of is home to majority 495,000 or about little under 90% of. They mostly live in the region of , where the Croatian language is official along with five other languages , and the national capital city of. They mostly live in , and in the area in regions. They mostly live in the region of , in the villages of , and. They mostly live in the , in of 90. They mostly live in the area around , in the villages of , , , and. Diaspora Croatian Embassy in , Australia There are currently 4—4. At this time, both collaborators of the regime and refugees who did not want to live under a communist regime fled the country, to the Americas and once more. In addition, some left for political reasons. This migration made it possible for communist to achieve lower unemployment and at the same time the money sent home by emigrants to their families provided an enormous source of foreign exchange income. Migrant communities already established in the Americas, Oceania, and across Europe grew as a result. The count for diaspora is approximate because of incomplete statistical records and. Overseas, the contains the largest 414,714 according to the 2010 census , mostly in , , and , with a sizable community in , followed by 133,268 according to the 2016 census, with concentrations in , and and 133,965 according to the 2016 census, mainly in , and. Various estimations put the total number of Americans and Canadians with at least some Croatian ancestry at 2 million, many of whom do not identify as such in the countries' censuses. Croats have also emigrated in several waves to Latin America, mostly to South America: chiefly Chile, Argentina, and Brazil; estimates of their number vary wildly, from 150,000 up to 500,000. There are also smaller groups of Croatian descendants in the Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, South Africa, New Zealand, Mexico, and South Korea. The most important organisations of the Croatian are the , and the. Retrieved 30 June 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2015. REPUBLIC OF CROATIA: State Office for Croats Abroad. Retrieved 20 July 2013. In the Austrian census, Burgenland Croats are separate from the main Croat group. Spreadsheet B08 lists population of Australia by ancestry. Retrieved 18 March 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2017. Archived from PDF on 24 June 2008. Note: Petra-P12, gives a 40,484 number. Ständige ausländische Wohnbevölkerung nach Nationalität 2001—04, gives a 44,035 number. Retrieved 28 June 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015. Archived from on 27 October 2005. Retrieved 17 April 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2011. Fractured States and U. Iraq, Ethiopia, and Bosnia in the 1990s. A Stability-Seeking Power: US Foreign Policy and Secessionist Conflicts. American Association for State and Local History. The American Ethnic Cookbook for Students. American immigrant cultures: builders of a nation. Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs. Ember; Ian Skoggard, , 2 illustrated ed. Retrieved 12 December 2017. To be true, there is no doubt that Constantine Porphyrogenitus has Dalmatia and parts of Slavonia populated by Croatians. But this author wrote more than a hundred years after the Frankish Royal annals which never mention the name of the Croatians although you will find a great many Slavic tribal names there. Therefore, if one applies the methods of an ethnogenetic interpretation, the Croatian Liudewit seems to be an anachronism. Retrieved 12 December 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017. University of Michigan Press. Povijest Bosne i Hercegovine od najstarijih vremena do godine 1463. Hrvatsko kulturno društvo Napredak. University of Michigan Press. Retrieved 29 April 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2017. Archived from on 2006-02-12. Hrvatsko srednjovjekovlje: prostor, ljudi, ideje. Retrieved 18 March 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015. Archived from on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012. American Journal of Human Genetics. Fortson IV, Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, 2nd ed. Počelo je u Rimu: Katolička obnova i normiranje hrvatskoga jezika u XVII. Hrvatski jučer i danas. Retrieved 27 October 2010. Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. Retrieved 9 March 2012. Archived from on 2007-04-29. Retrieved 9 March 2012. Archived from on 2007-04-29. Retrieved 9 March 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2011. Jutarnji list in Croatian. Retrieved 10 October 2011. Radovi Instituta za povijest umjetnosti in Croatian. Institute of Art History Croatia. Archived from PDF on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2011. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration Croatia. Archived from on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2011. Island of Krk Tourist Board. Retrieved 13 October 2011. Archived from on 17 December 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2011. Kaplan 18 April 1993. The New York Times. Archived from on 22 April 2009. Archived from on 22 April 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008. American Association for State and Local History. Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs. Archived from on 2007-03-04. Retrieved 18 March 2015. Archived from on 11 March 2007. Archived from on 4 March 2007. Cite error: A has no name see the. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
